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Tag: UGC NET forensic science previous year question papers PDF

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Types and Analysis of Fibers and Textiles

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Daily Quiz 63 (Analysis of glass fragments)

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Arson investigation and accelerant detection

Key Aspect Technical Details Forensic Techniques Investigative Significance
Definition of Arson – Deliberate and malicious burning of property
– Often involves accelerants like gasoline, kerosene, or alcohol 		– Crime scene documentation
– Identification of burn patterns 		Helps establish intent and classify the crime as arson
Accelerants – Substances used to initiate or speed up a fire
– Common examples: gasoline, diesel, lighter fluid, alcohol 		– Sampling using absorbent materials (e.g., cotton gauze)
– Sealing samples in airtight containers 		Identifies the presence of flammable substances at the scene
Burn Patterns – V-shaped patterns indicate fire origin
– Alligatoring (charred wood) suggests intense heat 		– Photographic documentation
– 3D modeling of the fire scene 		Helps determine the fire’s point of origin and spread
Sample Collection – Collect debris from suspected areas
– Use airtight containers to prevent evaporation 		– Static headspace concentration
– Adsorption-elution technique 		Preserves volatile compounds for laboratory analysis
Laboratory Analysis – Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
– Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 		– Separation and identification of chemical compounds
– Comparison with known accelerant samples 		Confirms the presence and type of accelerant used
Fire Triangle – Three elements required for fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen
– Accelerants provide additional fuel 		– Analysis of fire dynamics
– Reconstruction of the fire scene 		Helps understand how the fire was initiated and sustained
Common Indicators of Arson – Multiple points of origin
– Presence of accelerant containers
– Unusual burn patterns 		– Chemical analysis of debris
– Canine detection units (sniffer dogs) 		Provides evidence of intentional fire-setting
Legal Considerations – Chain of custody for evidence
– Admissibility of forensic findings in court 		– Proper documentation and reporting
– Expert testimony 		Ensures evidence is legally sound and admissible

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Daily Quiz 62 (Forensic analysis of explosives)

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Analysis of Poisons and Toxins

Category of Poison Examples Technical Characteristics Forensic Analysis Methods Investigative Significance
Metallic Poisons Arsenic, Lead, Mercury – Arsenic: Odorless, tasteless, mimics food poisoning
– Lead: Accumulates in bones and tissues
– Mercury: Affects the nervous system 		– Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
– Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
– Colorimetric tests (e.g., Marsh test for arsenic) 		Used in homicides, accidental poisonings, and environmental toxicity cases
Plant Toxins Aconite, Strychnine, Ricin – Aconite: Causes cardiac arrhythmia
– Strychnine: Induces muscle spasms
– Ricin: Inhibits protein synthesis 		– High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
– Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
– Immunoassay techniques 		Common in homicides and suicides; ricin is a bioterrorism agent
Animal Toxins Snake venom, Scorpion venom, Tetrodotoxin – Snake venom: Neurotoxic or hemotoxic
– Scorpion venom: Affects nervous system
– Tetrodotoxin: Blocks sodium channels 		– Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
– Electrophoresis
– Mass spectrometry 		Used in cases of animal bites, stings, or deliberate poisoning
Chemical Poisons Cyanide, Organophosphates, Ethylene Glycol – Cyanide: Inhibits cellular respiration
– Organophosphates: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase
– Ethylene Glycol: Metabolizes to toxic oxalic acid 		– Gas Chromatography (GC)
– Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
– Spectrophotometry 		Common in suicides, homicides, and accidental poisonings
Drugs as Poisons Opioids, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines – Opioids: Depress the central nervous system
– Barbiturates: Cause respiratory depression
– Benzodiazepines: Sedative and hypnotic effects 		– Immunoassay screening
– Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
– Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 		Used in drug overdose cases, homicides, and drug-facilitated crimes
Bacterial Toxins Botulinum toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxins – Botulinum toxin: Causes paralysis
– Staphylococcal enterotoxins: Induce food poisoning 		– Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
– Immunoassays
– Mass spectrometry 		Used in cases of food poisoning and bioterrorism

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