1- Which of the following are important characteristics for the examination of Infrared
spectra of a drug?
(A) Shape of peak
(B) Position of peak
(C) Intensity of peak
(D) Tangent of peak
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- (A) and (B) only
- (B) and (D) only
- (A). (B) and (D) only
- (A). (B) and (C) only
4- (A). (B) and (C) only
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a common analytical technique used to identify and study the chemical structure of a substance. It works by measuring the vibrational modes of a molecule, which can be used to determine its functional groups and chemical bonds. In the examination of IR spectra of a drug, the following characteristics are important:
(A) Shape of peak: The shape of an IR peak can provide information about the number and type of bonds present in a molecule. For example, sharp, symmetrical peaks may indicate the presence of single bonds, while broad or asymmetrical peaks may indicate the presence of multiple bonds or structural defects.
(B) Position of peak: The position of an IR peak is related to the vibrational frequency of the bond or functional group being measured. Different bonds and functional groups absorb IR radiation at different frequencies, so the position of an IR peak can be used to identify the specific bonds or functional groups present in a molecule.
(C) Intensity of peak: The intensity of an IR peak is a measure of the strength of the absorption of IR radiation by a particular bond or functional group. Strong peaks indicate a high concentration of the corresponding bond or functional group, while weak peaks may indicate a low concentration or the presence of a less stable bond.
(D) Tangent of peak: The tangent of an IR peak is a measure of the slope of the peak at its maximum point. It can be used to determine the presence of overlapping peaks or to identify structural defects in a molecule.
Overall, the shape, position, intensity, and tangent of IR peaks can all provide valuable information about the chemical structure and properties of a drug, and are important characteristics to consider in the examination of IR spectra.
- Which of the following are sub-divisions of semivowel in context of its manner of
articulation?
(A) Glides
(B) Nasals
(C) Vocalic Nuclei
(D) Liquids
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:- (A) and (B) only
- (A) and (C) only
- (A) and (D) only
- (B) and (C) only
Answer
Answer: (3) (A) and (D) only
(A) Glides: Glides, also known as semi-vowels or semivowels, are consonant sounds that are produced by partially narrowing the vocal tract and allowing air to flow through. They are typically pronounced by sliding the tongue from one position to another, such as in the English words “wet” and “yet.” Glides are classified as sub-divisions of semivowels because they are not as vowel-like as full vowels, but they are not as consonant-like as other consonants.
(B) Nasals: Nasals are consonant sounds that are produced by partially blocking the oral cavity and allowing air to flow through the nasal cavity. They are typically pronounced by lowering the velum, or soft palate, and allowing air to escape through the nose, such as in the English words “man” and “sing.” Nasals are classified as sub-divisions of semivowels because they are not as vowel-like as full vowels, but they are not as consonant-like as other consonants.
(C) Vocalic Nuclei: Vocalic nuclei are vowel sounds that are produced by allowing air to flow freely through the oral cavity. They are typically pronounced by opening the vocal tract and allowing the vocal cords to vibrate, such as in the English words “ah” and “oo.” Vocalic nuclei are classified as sub-divisions of semivowels because they are not as consonant-like as other consonants, but they are not as vowel-like as full vowels.
(D) Liquids: Liquids are consonant sounds that are produced by partially narrowing the oral cavity and allowing air to flow through. They are typically pronounced by letting the tongue touch the roof of the mouth and allowing air to flow through the sides of the tongue, such as in the English words “l” and “r.” Liquids are classified as sub-divisions of semivowels because they are not as vowel-like as full vowels, but they are not as consonant-like as other consonants.
- As per section 375 ot IPC, Sexual Assualt does not include
- Rape or attempted rape.
- Force sexual activity that does not result in penetration.
- Oral or anal intercourse.
- Sexual act with wife older than 16 years.
Answer
Answer: (4) Sexual act with wife older than 16 years.
- Rape or attempted rape: According to section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), rape is defined as “sexual intercourse with a woman against her will, without her consent, by coercion, misrepresentation or fraud, or at a time when she has been intoxicated or duped, or is of unsound mental health and in any such case she is incapable of understanding the nature and consequences of that act.” This means that rape is a specific form of sexual assault that involves penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth by the perpetrator’s genital organs or objects. Attempted rape refers to an attempt to commit rape, but the act is not completed.
- Force sexual activity that does not result in penetration: Sexual assault can also refer to any non-consensual sexual act or behavior that does not involve penetration. This could include touching or fondling of someone’s genitalia or breasts, or forcing someone to perform oral sex or other sexual acts against their will.
- Oral or anal intercourse: Sexual assault can also include oral or anal intercourse, which are forms of sexual activity that involve the mouth or anus rather than the vagina. These acts are considered sexual assault if they are non-consensual or if they are performed against someone who is unable to give their consent.
- Sexual act with wife older than 16 years: In India, the age of consent is 18 years old, which means that anyone under the age of 18 is considered a minor and cannot legally give their consent to sexual activity. However, there is an exception in the IPC for sexual acts with a wife who is over the age of 16. This exception acknowledges that in some circumstances, such as in arranged marriages, a woman may be married and engaging in sexual activity with her husband before reaching the age of 18. However, it is important to note that this exception only applies to sexual acts between a husband and wife, and does not condone any other form of non-consensual sexual activity.
- Depth of focus directly depends on which of the following?
(A) Colour of film
(B) Aperture
(C) Focal length of the lens
(D) Layers of film
Choose the correct answer from the options given beloW:
1.(A) and (B) only
2.(A) and (C )only
3.(B) and (C) only
4.(A) and (D) only
Answer
3.(B) and (C) only
(B) Aperture – The aperture of a camera lens is the opening that allows light to pass through and reach the film or digital sensor. It is measured in f-stops and is controlled by the diaphragm blades inside the lens. A smaller aperture, indicated by a higher f-stop number, will result in a larger depth of focus, meaning that more of the image will be in focus from foreground to background. This is because a smaller aperture creates a larger zone of focus, or greater depth of field. On the other hand, a larger aperture, indicated by a lower f-stop number, will result in a smaller depth of focus, with less of the image in focus. This is because a larger aperture creates a smaller zone of focus, or shallower depth of field.
(F) Focal length of the lens – The focal length of a lens is the distance from the center of the lens to the point where the light rays converge to form a focused image. A lens with a longer focal length will have a narrower angle of view and a shallower depth of field, while a lens with a shorter focal length will have a wider angle of view and a deeper depth of field. Therefore, the focal length of the lens can also affect the depth of focus in an image.
(A) Colour of film and (D) Layers of film do not directly affect the depth of focus in a photograph. The colour of film refers to the type of film used, which is a medium for capturing light and creating an image. It does not have any effect on the focus of the image. Similarly, the layers of film refer to the physical structure of the film, which consists of layers of emulsion coated onto a transparent base. The number of layers does not affect the focus of the image.