Question 1: Which of the following DNA profiling techniques primarily utilizes the analysis of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)?
- A. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis
- B. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- C. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- D. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing
Answer: B. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Explanation: RFLP is a DNA profiling technique that detects variations in DNA fragment lengths by analyzing the presence of VNTRs. STR analysis uses shorter repeat sequences, and PCR is used to amplify DNA samples but does not directly analyze VNTRs.
Question 2: What is the primary limitation of the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique in forensic toxicology?
- A. High cost of the equipment
- B. Inability to detect drugs of abuse
- C. Requires a large sample size
- D. Poor specificity for non-volatile compounds
Answer: A. High cost of the equipment
Explanation: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an advanced analytical technique offering excellent specificity and sensitivity, but the high cost of instrumentation is a major limitation. It does not require a large sample size, and it is highly effective at detecting drugs of abuse and non-volatile compounds.
Question 3: In the context of forensic entomology, which of the following is most commonly used to estimate the time of death in cases of decomposing bodies?
- A. Blowfly larvae development
- B. Ant colony size
- C. Beetle identification
- D. Mosquito oviposition rate
Answer: A. Blowfly larvae development
Explanation: Blowfly larvae are the first insects to colonize a decomposing body, and their development stages are used to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). This is a primary method in forensic entomology for estimating the time of death.
Question 4: Which of the following is the most accurate test for confirming the presence of cocaine in a biological sample?
- A. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- B. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- C. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- D. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Answer: A. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Explanation: GC-MS is the gold standard for confirming the presence of cocaine and its metabolites in biological samples, due to its high sensitivity and specificity. ELISA and TLC are used for screening, while HPLC is not as accurate for confirmation.
Question 5: Which of the following methods is considered the most appropriate for preserving a bloodstain at a crime scene for later DNA analysis?
- A. Storing the sample in a plastic bag
- B. Air-drying and storing in a paper envelope
- C. Freezing the sample immediately
- D. Soaking the sample in ethanol
Answer: B. Air-drying and storing in a paper envelope
Explanation: The proper preservation of bloodstains involves air-drying the sample to prevent bacterial growth and storing it in a paper envelope to allow for proper air circulation. Plastic bags can cause moisture buildup, which may degrade the DNA.
Question 6: In forensic pathology, which postmortem change is characterized by the breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue?
- A. Rigor mortis
- B. Postmortem lividity
- C. Algor mortis
- D. Hemolysis
Answer: D. Hemolysis
Explanation: Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells after death, which releases hemoglobin into the surrounding tissues. This can lead to postmortem staining, which may aid in determining the position of the body at the time of death.
Question 7: Which of the following is the most accurate method for determining the exact origin of a bullet based on its rifling marks?
- A. Bullet comparison microscope
- B. DNA analysis
- C. X-ray diffraction
- D. NMR spectroscopy
Answer: A. Bullet comparison microscope
Explanation: The bullet comparison microscope is a specialized tool used to match rifling marks on bullets, helping forensic experts determine whether a bullet came from a specific firearm. This technique is highly accurate for firearm identification.
Question 8: In forensic anthropology, which technique is used for the identification of skeletal remains based on the measurement of the pelvis and skull?
- A. Osteometric analysis
- B. X-ray fluorescence
- C. Nuclear DNA analysis
- D. Radiocarbon dating
Answer: A. Osteometric analysis
Explanation: Osteometric analysis involves the measurement of skeletal features, such as the pelvis and skull, to determine sex, age, and ancestry. This technique is commonly used in forensic anthropology to identify human remains.
Question 9: Which of the following is the most significant drawback of mitochondrial DNA analysis in forensic investigations?
- A. It requires a large sample size
- B. It cannot be used for maternal lineage tracing
- C. It is less discriminative compared to nuclear DNA
- D. It is prone to degradation
Answer: C. It is less discriminative compared to nuclear DNA
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA analysis is useful when nuclear DNA is unavailable, but it is less discriminative because mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally and can be shared among maternal relatives, making it less specific than nuclear DNA.
Question 10: In forensic document examination, which of the following tests is commonly used to detect the presence of ink alterations?
- A. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
- B. Infrared spectroscopy
- C. Raman spectroscopy
- D. Paper chromatography
Answer: B. Infrared spectroscopy
Explanation: Infrared spectroscopy is commonly used in forensic document examination to detect the presence of altered or erased ink, as different ink formulations absorb infrared light differently.
Question 11: Which of the following is a major disadvantage of using bone marrow analysis in forensic investigations?
- A. High cost and limited availability
- B. Limited ability to determine age
- C. Requires fresh tissue
- D. Risk of contamination
Answer: C. Requires fresh tissue
Explanation: Bone marrow analysis is useful in DNA extraction but requires fresh tissue for optimal results. Degradation of bone marrow over time can limit its effectiveness.
Question 12: Which forensic method is typically used to identify human remains in cases of severe decomposition, where traditional methods may not be applicable?
- A. Forensic odontology
- B. Forensic entomology
- C. Forensic anthropology
- D. DNA analysis
Answer: C. Forensic anthropology
Explanation: Forensic anthropology is commonly used in cases of severe decomposition, as anthropologists can identify skeletal remains, estimate age, sex, and ancestry, and sometimes even determine the cause of death.
Question 13: In the context of forensic pathology, which postmortem change is characterized by the cessation of cellular metabolic activity and a decrease in body temperature?
- A. Algor mortis
- B. Rigor mortis
- C. Postmortem lividity
- D. Hemolysis
Answer: A. Algor mortis
Explanation: Algor mortis refers to the cooling of the body after death as metabolic processes cease. The rate of cooling is used to estimate the time of death, particularly in the early stages after death.
Question 14: In forensic science, which method is used to analyze bloodstains for the presence of the antigens A and B?
- A. Blood type testing
- B. PCR amplification
- C. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- D. Spectrophotometry
Answer: A. Blood type testing
Explanation: Blood typing tests are used to determine the presence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells, which is essential for forensic identification and blood matching.
Question 15: Which of the following is a commonly used technique for the analysis of gunshot residues on a suspect’s hands?
- A. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- B. Mass spectrometry
- C. DNA profiling
- D. Gas chromatography
Answer: A. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Explanation: SEM is commonly used to detect and analyze gunshot residues (GSR), as it can identify the characteristic particles (lead, barium, and antimony) that are deposited on the hands after firing a weapon.
Question 16: Which of the following is a major disadvantage of the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in forensic toxicology?
- A. It requires high sample volumes
- B. It provides limited structural information
- C. It is highly susceptible to sample contamination
- D. It is less effective in detecting volatile substances
Answer: D. It is less effective in detecting volatile substances
Explanation: NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for identifying molecular structures but is less effective for detecting volatile compounds, which are better suited to techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Question 17: Match List-I with List-II (Methods and their Use in Forensic Toxicology):
List-I
(a) Gas Chromatography (GC)
(b) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
(c) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
(d) Mass Spectrometry (MS)
List-II
(i) Separation of compounds based on volatility
(ii) Identification of compounds using mass-to-charge ratio
(iii) Detection of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices
(iv) Separation of compounds based on solubility in solvents
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
- A. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (ii)
- B. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- C. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- D. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iv)
Answer: A. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (ii)
Explanation: GC separates compounds based on their volatility, HPLC relies on solubility differences, TLC is used for drug screening, and MS identifies compounds based on their mass-to-charge ratio, offering a highly precise analytical method.
Question 18: Which of the following statements about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is true?
- A. mtDNA analysis can be used to link male suspects to biological evidence, as it is inherited through the paternal lineage
- B. mtDNA analysis can only be used to identify maternal relatives
- C. mtDNA analysis is more discriminative than nuclear DNA analysis in forensic cases
- D. mtDNA analysis requires a larger sample size compared to nuclear DNA analysis
Answer: B. mtDNA analysis can only be used to identify maternal relatives
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, so it can only be used to trace maternal lineage, unlike nuclear DNA which is inherited from both parents and provides more discriminative power.
Question 19: What is the role of the “drunken” or “discoloration” phenomenon in forensic entomology?
- A. It helps to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) based on insect activity
- B. It is used to determine the exact time of death based on blood spatter
- C. It is a phenomenon observed during DNA degradation
- D. It helps to determine the species of insects responsible for decomposition
Answer: A. It helps to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) based on insect activity
Explanation: In forensic entomology, the “drunken” or “discoloration” phenomenon refers to changes in the color of the body as insects, particularly blowflies, colonize and interact with the body, which can help estimate the time of death.
Question 20: Which of the following tests is most commonly used to confirm the presence of arsenic in post-mortem samples?
- A. Marsh Test
- B. Luminol Test
- C. Takayama Test
- D. Phenolphthalein Test
Answer: A. Marsh Test
Explanation: The Marsh Test is a classic confirmatory test for arsenic, where arsenic is reduced to arsine gas and subsequently detected based on its reaction with heat, producing a distinctive yellow arsenic mirror.
Question 21: Match List-I with List-II (Blood Staining and its Significance):
List-I
(a) Passive Bloodstain
(b) Projected Bloodstain
(c) Transfer Bloodstain
(d) Impact Spatter
List-II
(i) Bloodstain formed by the force of gravity
(ii) Bloodstain formed by the direct contact with a blood source
(iii) Bloodstain formed by a force that displaces blood from a source
(iv) Bloodstain formed by the force of an impact
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
- A. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iv)
- B. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
- C. (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
- D. (a) (iv), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (iii)
Answer: C. (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
Explanation: Passive bloodstains are formed due to gravity, projected stains result from a blood source being impacted, transfer stains occur when a blood-covered object contacts a surface, and impact spatter is created by the force of an impact.
Question 22: Which forensic method is best suited for the identification of poisons and drugs in blood when the sample is decomposed or highly degraded?
- A. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- B. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- C. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
- D. Immunohistochemistry
Answer: C. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Explanation: LC-MS is highly effective for identifying drugs and poisons, even in degraded or decomposed biological samples, as it combines the separation power of liquid chromatography with the sensitivity of mass spectrometry.
Question 23: What is the primary role of forensic entomology in determining the time of death (post-mortem interval, PMI)?
- A. Analyzing insect behavior to estimate PMI
- B. Analyzing insects’ development stages to estimate PMI
- C. Examining insect DNA for identification
- D. Estimating the amount of insect secretion on the body
Answer: B. Analyzing insects’ development stages to estimate PMI
Explanation: Forensic entomology estimates the post-mortem interval (PMI) by studying the stages of development of insects such as blowflies that colonize the body, as their life cycle is predictable and influenced by environmental conditions.
Question 24: Which of the following is the primary limitation of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?
- A. It cannot be used to identify family relationships
- B. It is time-consuming and expensive
- C. It requires a large amount of DNA for analysis
- D. It can be affected by contamination or degradation of DNA
Answer: D. It can be affected by contamination or degradation of DNA
Explanation: DNA profiling, while highly reliable, is sensitive to contamination and degradation. Forensic samples may sometimes be degraded, or cross-contamination may occur during collection or analysis, affecting the accuracy of results.
Question 25: Which forensic method is most appropriate for identifying gunshot residue (GSR) on clothing?
- A. DNA analysis
- B. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- C. Liquid Chromatography (LC)
- D. Gas Chromatography (GC)
Answer: B. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Explanation: SEM is the most commonly used technique for analyzing gunshot residue (GSR) because it can identify the characteristic particles of metals such as lead, barium, and antimony left on the hands and clothing of the shooter.
Question 26: Which of the following is the most common cause of misidentification in forensic DNA analysis?
- A. Sample degradation
- B. Contamination during collection or analysis
- C. Errors in the laboratory process
- D. Incomplete or insufficient DNA profiles
Answer: B. Contamination during collection or analysis
Explanation: Contamination is one of the most common causes of misidentification in forensic DNA analysis. It can occur if proper protocols are not followed during evidence collection, handling, or during the analysis process in the laboratory.
Question 27: Match List-I with List-II (Forensic Methods and Their Application):
List-I
(a) Polygraph
(b) Fingerprint Analysis
(c) Bite Mark Analysis
(d) Facial Reconstruction
List-II
(i) Used to identify unknown remains
(ii) Used for detecting deception during an interrogation
(iii) Used for matching a suspect to a crime scene
(iv) Used in cases of assault or homicide for identifying the assailant
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
- A. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- B. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- C. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (iv)
- D. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
Answer: A. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
Explanation: Polygraph tests are used to detect deception during interrogations, fingerprint analysis is commonly used to match suspects to a crime scene, bite mark analysis is often used in assault or homicide investigations, and facial reconstruction helps identify unknown remains in cases of missing persons or unidentified bodies.
Question 28: Which of the following blood spatter patterns would most likely be observed in a stabbing incident?
- A. High-velocity spatter
- B. Passive stains
- C. Arterial spurting
- D. Medium-velocity spatter
Answer: D. Medium-velocity spatter
Explanation: Stabbing typically results in medium-velocity blood spatter, as the force of the stabbing causes blood to be expelled at a moderate speed, resulting in distinct spatters that can help determine the angle and nature of the attack.
Question 29: What is the key disadvantage of using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis compared to nuclear DNA analysis in forensic investigations?
- A. mtDNA is less abundant in cells
- B. mtDNA is more prone to contamination
- C. mtDNA cannot be used to identify familial relationships
- D. mtDNA is typically less discriminative than nuclear DNA
Answer: D. mtDNA is typically less discriminative than nuclear DNA
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA is less discriminative than nuclear DNA because it is inherited maternally and shared among family members, making it less effective at providing unique individual identification, especially in cases where DNA samples are limited.
Question 30: Which of the following is NOT a valid method for preserving evidence in a forensic investigation?
- A. Storing biological evidence in a plastic bag
- B. Storing firearms in a cardboard box
- C. Refrigerating blood samples
- D. Sealing blood-stained clothing in paper bags
Answer: A. Storing biological evidence in a plastic bag
Explanation: Biological evidence, such as blood or tissue samples, should not be stored in plastic bags as this can promote the growth of bacteria and mold. It should be stored in breathable containers like paper bags to preserve the integrity of the evidence.
Question 31: Match List-I with List-II (Forensic Microscopy Methods and Applications):
List-I
(a) Stereomicroscope
(b) Polarizing Microscope
(c) Electron Microscope
(d) Comparison Microscope
List-II
(i) Used to examine hair, fibers, and firearms
(ii) Used for examining fine details at a very high magnification
(iii) Used to compare two samples side by side
(iv) Used to analyze crystalline substances or particles
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
- A. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (iii)
- B. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- C. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- D. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iv)
Answer: A. (a) (i), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (iii)
Explanation: The stereomicroscope is commonly used to examine objects like hair and fibers, the polarizing microscope is useful for analyzing crystalline substances, the electron microscope offers high magnification for fine details, and the comparison microscope is used to compare two items side by side, such as firearms or bullets.
Question 32: Which of the following forensic methods is used to identify the time of death by analyzing the temperature of the body?
- A. Rigor mortis
- B. Algor mortis
- C. Livor mortis
- D. Post-mortem interval estimation using insects
Answer: B. Algor mortis
Explanation: Algor mortis refers to the cooling of the body after death and is used to estimate the time of death. It is one of the classical methods of estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) based on body temperature.
Question 33: What is the primary objective of using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in forensic toxicology?
- A. To separate and identify components of a mixture
- B. To determine the molecular weight of substances
- C. To test the solubility of compounds
- D. To quantify the amount of a substance in a sample
Answer: A. To separate and identify components of a mixture
Explanation: Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is used to separate components of a mixture based on their chemical properties, such as polarity. It is an essential tool in forensic toxicology for identifying substances in biological samples.
Question 34: What is the key distinguishing feature of blunt force trauma as opposed to sharp force trauma in forensic pathology?
- A. Sharp force trauma involves a cutting edge, while blunt force trauma involves a broad, flat surface
- B. Blunt force trauma causes deeper wounds
- C. Sharp force trauma results in contusions, while blunt force trauma causes lacerations
- D. Blunt force trauma is always fatal, while sharp force trauma is not
Answer: A. Sharp force trauma involves a cutting edge, while blunt force trauma involves a broad, flat surface
Explanation: Blunt force trauma is caused by an impact with a broad, flat surface or object, leading to contusions or fractures, whereas sharp force trauma is caused by an object with a cutting edge, such as a knife, leading to clean incised wounds.
Question 35: Which of the following forensic methods is most commonly used to detect and analyze drugs in hair samples?
- A. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- B. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- C. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- D. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Answer: A. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Explanation: GC-MS is widely used in forensic toxicology to detect and identify drugs and their metabolites in hair samples due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.
Question 36: Match List-I with List-II (Forensic Techniques and Primary Application):
List-I
(a) Infrared Spectroscopy
(b) GC-MS
(c) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
(d) DNA Amplification
List-II
(i) Detection of trace metals
(ii) Identification of molecular bonds
(iii) Analysis of drugs and metabolites
(iv) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for profiling
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- A. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (iv)
- B. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- C. (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
- D. (a) (iv), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (i)
Answer: A. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (iv)
Explanation: Infrared spectroscopy identifies molecular bonds, GC-MS analyzes drugs and metabolites, AAS detects trace metals, and DNA amplification via PCR is critical for genetic profiling.
Question 37: In forensic entomology, which insect development stage is most commonly used to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI)?
- A. Larval stage
- B. Pupal stage
- C. Adult stage
- D. Egg stage
Answer: A. Larval stage
Explanation: The larval stage of insects, especially blowflies, provides the most accurate PMI estimation since their growth rates are well-documented and temperature-dependent.
Question 38: Which of the following are primary features used in the identification of firearm toolmarks?
- A. Rifling impressions
- B. Chamber marks
- C. Breech face marks
- D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Explanation: Firearm toolmarks include rifling impressions, chamber marks, and breech face marks, all of which are unique to specific firearms and aid in linking bullets or casings to the weapon used.
Question 39: What is the principle behind luminol-based blood detection?
- A. Peroxidase activity of hemoglobin
- B. Oxidation-reduction reaction
- C. Chemiluminescence in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
- D. Fluorescence under UV light
Answer: C. Chemiluminescence in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
Explanation: Luminol reacts with the iron in hemoglobin, producing chemiluminescence when combined with hydrogen peroxide, making latent blood visible in dark environments.
Question 40: Which of the following skeletal features is most reliable for determining biological sex in forensic anthropology?
- A. Cranial sutures
- B. Pelvic morphology
- C. Long bone length
- D. Dental patterns
Answer: B. Pelvic morphology
Explanation: The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic part of the skeleton, with significant differences in shape and size between males and females, making it highly reliable for biological sex determination.
Question 41: Match List-I with List-II (Types of Fingerprint Patterns and Features):
List-I
(a) Arch
(b) Loop
(c) Whorl
(d) Composite
List-II
(i) Contains multiple patterns
(ii) Ridge lines enter on one side and exit on the opposite
(iii) Circular or spiral ridge flow
(iv) Ridges enter and exit on the same side
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
- A. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
- B. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (ii)
- C. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (i), (d) (iv)
- D. (a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
Answer: A. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
Explanation: Arch patterns involve ridges entering on one side and exiting on the other, loops have ridges entering and exiting on the same side, whorls show circular or spiral patterns, and composites include multiple patterns.
Question 42: Which type of chemical is used for developing latent fingerprints on porous surfaces?
- A. Cyanoacrylate
- B. Ninhydrin
- C. Silver nitrate
- D. Iodine fuming
Answer: B. Ninhydrin
Explanation: Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids in sweat to develop purple-colored fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper or cardboard.
Question 43: What is the main advantage of using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in forensic investigations?
- A. Identifying synthetic drugs
- B. Determining the geographic origin of samples
- C. Analyzing chemical structures
- D. Quantifying trace elements
Answer: B. Determining the geographic origin of samples
Explanation: IRMS measures stable isotope ratios in materials, which vary by geographic location, aiding in tracing origins of substances such as drugs, explosives, and human remains.
Question 44: Which type of DNA analysis is most effective in cases with degraded samples?
- A. STR analysis
- B. Mitochondrial DNA analysis
- C. Y-chromosome analysis
- D. VNTR analysis
Answer: B. Mitochondrial DNA analysis
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more stable and abundant in cells compared to nuclear DNA, making it ideal for analyzing degraded or ancient samples.
Question 45: Which of the following are correct matches between forensic disciplines and their primary tools?
- (a) Toxicology – GC-MS
- (b) Entomology – Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
- (c) Odontology – Dental X-rays
- (d) Ballistics – Comparison Microscope
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options below:
- A. (a), (c), (d) only
- B. (a), (b), (d) only
- C. (b), (c), (d) only
- D. (a), (b), (c) only
Answer: A. (a), (c), (d) only
Explanation: GC-MS is used in toxicology for analyzing drugs and poisons, dental X-rays are crucial in forensic odontology for identifying individuals, and comparison microscopes are key in ballistic analysis. Thermogravimetric Analysis is not typically used in forensic entomology.
Question 46: Which molecular markers are utilized in forensic mitochondrial DNA analysis?
- A. Tandem repeats in the hypervariable region
- B. Introns within coding genes
- C. Ribosomal RNA sequences
- D. Microsatellite loci
Answer: A. Tandem repeats in the hypervariable region
Explanation: The hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA contains tandem repeats that are highly polymorphic and widely used for genetic comparison in forensic cases.
Question 47: Match List-I with List-II (Forensic Instrumentation and Analytical Basis):
List-I
(a) Raman Spectroscopy
(b) FTIR Spectroscopy
(c) UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
(d) SEM-EDS
List-II
(i) Surface morphology and elemental composition
(ii) Vibrational transitions in molecules
(iii) Electronic transitions in the UV-Vis range
(iv) Inelastic scattering of photons
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
- A. (a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
- B. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (iii)
- C. (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (i)
- D. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iv)
Answer: A. (a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (i)
Explanation: Raman spectroscopy involves inelastic scattering of photons, FTIR identifies molecular vibrations, UV-Vis focuses on electronic transitions, and SEM-EDS provides surface and elemental analysis.
Question 48: What is the key challenge in forensic analysis of microplastics found in environmental crime cases?
- A. Lack of suitable detection methods
- B. Differentiating natural and synthetic polymers
- C. Establishing the source of origin
- D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Explanation: Forensic microplastic analysis faces challenges such as detecting minute particles, distinguishing between natural and synthetic polymers, and tracing their origin to a specific crime scene or source.
Question 49: Which of the following forensic methods is most suitable for analyzing complex mixtures of ignitable liquids?
- A. Infrared Spectroscopy
- B. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)
- C. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- D. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Answer: C. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Explanation: GC-MS is the preferred method for analyzing complex ignitable liquid mixtures due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to identify individual compounds in a mixture.
Question 50: In forensic genetics, what is the significance of Y-STR analysis?
- A. Distinguishing maternal lineages
- B. Resolving mixtures in cases involving multiple male contributors
- C. Identifying individual females in a population
- D. Detecting autosomal genetic variations
Answer: B. Resolving mixtures in cases involving multiple male contributors
Explanation: Y-STR analysis is specific to the Y-chromosome and is particularly useful in male-specific cases, such as sexual assaults, to separate male contributors in mixed DNA samples.
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