| Aspect | Description | Tools/Techniques | Forensic Significance | Investigative Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition | The study of a bullet’s path from the firearm to the target, considering factors like angle, velocity, and environmental conditions. |
– Laser trajectory kits – Protractors and angle finders – 3D laser scanners – Ballistic software |
Determines shooter location and intent. | Reconstruct crime scenes and establish evidence of premeditation or accidental discharge. |
| Trajectory Principles |
– Gravity causes bullets to drop over distance. – Wind resistance affects horizontal movement. – Angle of fire determines bullet’s arc. |
– Ballistic charts – Doppler radar – High-speed cameras |
Helps calculate bullet’s origin and flight path. | Used in sniper cases, drive-by shootings, and ricochet analysis. |
| Environmental Factors |
– Wind speed and direction – Humidity and temperature – Obstacles causing deflection |
– Weather stations – Environmental sensors – Simulation software |
Accounts for deviations in bullet path. | Critical in outdoor shooting incidents and long-range engagements. |
| Entry/Exit Wounds |
– Entry wounds are smaller and cleaner. – Exit wounds are larger and irregular. – Bone impact can alter trajectory. |
– Autopsy reports – Microscopic analysis – X-ray imaging |
Provides clues about bullet’s path through the body. | Essential in homicide investigations and self-defense claims. |
| Ricochet Analysis |
– Bullets may bounce off hard surfaces. – Surface material affects ricochet angle. – Energy loss occurs after impact. |
– Metal detectors – Surface hardness testers – Ricochet simulation tools |
Identifies secondary impacts and altered trajectories. | Useful in accidents, suicides, and crossfire incidents. |
| 3D Reconstruction |
– Combines trajectory data with scene geometry. – Creates accurate visualizations of bullet paths. – Helps simulate alternate scenarios. |
– Total station surveying – Photogrammetry – CAD software |
Provides precise spatial relationships in complex scenes. | Widely used in courtroom presentations and expert testimony. |
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