| Body Fluid | Identification Tests | Forensic Significance | Key Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood |
– Kastle-Meyer Test (phenolphthalein) – Luminol Test (chemiluminescence) – Teichmann Test (hemin crystals) – Takayama Test (hemochromogen crystals) |
– Determines presence of blood at crime scenes – Links suspects to crime scenes – Provides DNA for profiling – Helps reconstruct crime events |
– Reddish-brown color (dried) – Contains hemoglobin, red/white blood cells – Can be analyzed for blood type and DNA |
| Semen |
– Acid Phosphatase Test (AP test) – Christmas Tree Stain (microscopic identification) – PSA Test (prostate-specific antigen) – Microscopic examination for spermatozoa |
– Key evidence in sexual assault cases – Provides DNA for suspect identification – Confirms sexual activity – Links suspects to victims |
– Milky or whitish fluid – Contains spermatozoa and enzymes – High levels of acid phosphatase |
| Saliva |
– Amylase Test (starch-iodine test) – RSID Saliva Test (immunochromatographic) – Microscopic examination for epithelial cells – DNA analysis |
– Found on bite marks, cigarette butts, etc. – Provides DNA for profiling – Links suspects to objects or victims – Confirms presence at crime scenes |
– Clear, watery fluid – Contains amylase enzyme – Epithelial cells for DNA analysis |
| Urine |
– Creatinine Test (Jaffe reaction) – Urea Test (urease enzyme) – UV fluorescence – Odor and pH analysis |
– Evidence in cases of poisoning or drug use – Links suspects to crime scenes – Detects presence of drugs or toxins – Confirms biological evidence |
– Yellowish color – Contains urea, creatinine, and salts – Strong ammonia-like odor |
| Sweat |
– Chloride Test (silver nitrate) – pH Test (litmus paper) – Microscopic examination for epithelial cells – DNA analysis |
– Found on clothing, tools, or weapons – Provides DNA for profiling – Links suspects to objects – Confirms presence at crime scenes |
– Clear, salty fluid – Contains water, salts, and metabolites – May contain epithelial cells |
| Vaginal Fluid |
– Microscopic examination for epithelial cells – Lugol’s Iodine Test (glycogen-rich cells) – DNA analysis – pH Test (acidic pH) |
– Key evidence in sexual assault cases – Provides DNA for profiling – Confirms sexual activity – Links suspects to victims |
– Clear or whitish fluid – Contains glycogen-rich epithelial cells – Acidic pH (3.8-4.5) |
| Tears |
– Lysozyme Test (bacterial lysis) – pH Test (neutral pH) – Microscopic examination for epithelial cells – DNA analysis |
– Rarely used in forensics – May provide DNA for profiling – Links suspects to objects – Confirms biological evidence |
– Clear, watery fluid – Contains lysozyme enzyme – Neutral pH (6.5-7.6) |
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